Understanding theory x and theory y theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Xy theory mcgregor divided managers understanding, attitude and viewpoint regarding nature and motivation of people into two categories. Top 5 motivation theories free ebook in pdf format. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. There could be a switch in focus from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational.
Douglas mcgreogor theory x and theory y both are theories of human motivation created and developed for the workplace environment they are behavioural approaches as opposed to classical approaches social and selfactualizing aspects are a priority theory x assumptions that. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. One of the best known of all the writers on motivation is herzberg. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Oct 26, 2015 douglas mcgregors view is that there are two theories of motivation. In relation to theory y, the organization is trying to create the most symbiotic relationship between the managers and workers, which relates to maslows needs for selfactualization. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. If correlate it with maslows theory, we can say that theory x is based on the assumption that the employees emphasize on the physiological.
X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. The role of the theory x manager is to coerce and control employees to work towards organizational goals. Theory x theory x assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Theory y mcgregors theory y is the root cause of employee empowerment. The management implications for theory x workers were that, to achieve organisational objectives, a business would need to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment. Theory x, the more conventional one, holds the view that people are in themselves not intrinsically motivated to work and even attempt to avoid it, that people have no ambition, are resistant to change, are not particularly intelligent and that people only work for money and security.
Theory x and theory y of motivation the business professor. Find out how your management style reflects your beliefs about your teams motivation and explore how you can adopt a style that enables your team to be more productive. The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. He proposed, at opposite extremes two pairs of assumptions about human beings which. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Chapter 1 mcclellands human motivation theory the aim of mcclellands human motivation theory is to identify which of his three main motivators achievement, affiliation and power is the dominant one for the individuals in your team. Important research by michael kirton presents a different model of creativity that explains the failure of theory y and justi. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his. Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. Conclusion theory x and theory y conclusion theory x and. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the. Theory desi 1971 has suggested that is situations in which individuals are experiencing a high level of intrinsic motivation, the addition of extrinsic rewards for good performance may decrease intrinsic motivation. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations.
Theory x managers do not give their staff this opportunity so that the employees behave in the expected fashion. This theory is rather simple in relationship to the other four motivation theories you need to know for the exam like maslows hierarchy of needs. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Theory x and theory y mcgregors theory x and theory y. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of themselves and of. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management.
Mcgregors x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things done. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. Modern theories of motivation management study guide. Mcgregor 1960 points out that theory x motivation, while productive in situations where the worker is struggling to survive, is usually. Theory y assumptions the expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach.
These two sets of assumption are important to the practice of management as they play an imperative role in human resource management, administrative development and behavior analysis of. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. It calls on the leader to be proactive in managing the employees. Leaders managers who adhere to theory x assume that the average person. Douglas mcgregor believed that there were two types of managers. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Chapter 5 contemporary theories of motivation integrating. Theory x and theory y essay sample new york essays. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. Over the past 30 years information technology has had an increasing presence in the operational side of most businesses. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y.
Dec 25, 20 theory x and theory y relate to maslows hierarchy of needs in how human behavior and motivation are main priorities in the workplace in order to maximize output. Mcgregors theory is a motivation theory, meaning it provides explanation on what people want in order to do their job. Intrinsicmotivationistheselfdesiretoseekout newthingsandnewchallenges,toanalyzeonescapacity,toobserveandtogainknowledge. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. Read this article to learn about the mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation and its applicability. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings.
Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour. Pdf construct validation of a theory xy behavior scale. A study of mcgregorazs theory x and theory y framework. Motivation theories are used to understand, explain and. Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008. Managements action of motivating human beings in the organization, according to mcgregor, involves certain assumptions, generalizations and hypothesis relating to human behavior and human nature. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. He is noted for among other things his ideas on job enrichment, enlargement and rotation.
Empxtrack an integrated human capital and talent management tool is based on such theories and helps organizations to transform their human resource pra. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Mcgregor 1960 described two views on human motivation. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if properly motivated. In 1960, he wrote the book \u201cthe human side of enterprise\u201d, where he identifies and develops his enowned theory x and theory y. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Theory x and theory y understanding peoples motivations. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Contemporary theories of motivation in organizational. Theory y workers were characterised by mcgregor as. The role of the theory x manager is to coerce and control employees to.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y introduction. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of. Xteacher and theory yteacher in the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theoryx and theoryy to describe styles of managers. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi.
Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. Consider effort at work as just like rest or play ordinary people who do not dislike work. In order to avoid prejudgment, he named them x and y. Oct, 2017 find out how your management style reflects your beliefs about your teams motivation and explore how you can adopt a style that enables your team to be more productive. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. X and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation. Many theories of motivation are developed by phycologists and human resources specialists.
Leadership assumes that money is only motivation for the employees, and they will. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Theory x and theory y relate to maslows hierarchy of needs in how human behavior and motivation are main priorities in the workplace in order to maximize output. Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it centered and, therefore, does not care about organizational goals resists change act irresponsibly weinbach, 2008 designed to enforce compliance. Theory y is positive, participating and democratic. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor. What do you think motivates your people to come to work each morning. It is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. This theory assumes that, people are not, by nature, lazy and unreliable. Empxtrack an integrated human capital and talent management tool is based on such theories and helps organizations to transform their human resource practices. It also focuses on the characteristics of theory x and y and how to manage upwards theory x boss in any organisation.
Theory x the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor proposed two distinct views of human beings. Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof. This knowledge enables you to tailor your approach specifically to give them what they need. His theory theory y and theory x are theories of human motivation that have been used for human resource management, organizational behaviour and organizational development. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Theory x and theory y pertain to employee motivation and have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior analysis, and organizational development. The average man is by nature, lazy he works as little as possible. Motivation theory by john ball 03 oct 2003 understanding what motivates people in all walks of life is basic to all who aspire to management. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. In this theory, management assumes that employees are.
Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Mcclellands theory of needs david mcclelland carried out studies on motivation in early years of 1950s. It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin. Thus, we can say that theory x presents a pessimistic view of employees nature and behaviour at work, while theory y presents an optimistic view of the employees nature and behaviour at work. This approach assumes that some employees are lazy or not motivated by the work in fact, they have a distaste of the work, unambitious, avoid responsibility, is selfcentered, indifferent about organizational goals, and prefers to be directed. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. At the same time, approaches to the organisation of work and the management of people have changed and developed. Theory y is based upon an incomplete theory of human motivation that erroneously assumes that all people are creative and want to be creative in the same way. I conceive this lack of sound facts to be due primarily to the absence of a valid theory of motivation. The approaches to motivation and the type of employee were divided into.
There are two alternative sets of assumptions which. Douglas mcgregors view is that there are two theories of motivation. Douglas mcgreogor theory x and theory y both are theories of human motivation created and developed for the workplace environment they are behavioural approaches as opposed to classical approaches social and selfactualizing aspects are a. The paper also summarised the application of theory x and y in classroom management and also. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Jul 08, 2017 motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. Mcgregors theory x, y and ouchis z motivation self. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work.